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History

Figure 5: First, second and current generation of electron beam guns

History

Electron beam guns of this first generation still had a rather bulky design due to their high-voltage potential, directly water-cooled cathode systems and the required insulators. This was…

History

From the very beginning, the space charge in front of the cathode was used as an emission-limiting factor. This ensured the necessary stability of the beam power and beam quality against…

History

In conjunction with separate evacuation systems, they protect the beam generation chamber on the vacuum side as far as possible from the harsh conditions in the melting or evaporation area. A…

History

High-purity metals were needed for this, which required melting processes under extreme vacuum conditions. Arc and induction furnaces reached their limits. During this time, the first powerful…

History

At the end of the Second World War, all the tools needed to start electron beam metallurgy were known. But it was not until 20 years later that industrial solutions for electron beam melting,…

History - The development of electron beam technology at VON ARDENNE

The development of electron beam technology at VON ARDENNE

History

Figure 2: US patent by Marcello von Pirani for melting refractory metals

History

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of a Pierce cathode. The conical electrode shape influences the field geometry in such a way that electron emission can also take place in the space charge range.

History

At the same time, the applications of X-rays and the discovery of cosmic rays and the associated desire for experiments with high-energy radiation also awakened the desire for high-energy energy…